sitam jagtay hain

                             غزل

             ستم جاگتے ہیں، کرم سو رہے ہیں
             محبت کے جاہ و حشم سو رہے ہیں

             مرے نکتہ سازو! سخن کے خداؤ
             پکارو! کہ لوح و قلم سو رہے ہیں

            ہر اک ذہن میں ہے خدائی کا دعوی
           ہر اک آستیں میں صنم سو رہے ہیں

             یہاں خوابِ راحت فریبِ یقیں ہے
           نہ تم سو رہے ہو نہ ہم سو رہے ہیں

               وہاں چاندنی کے قدم ڈولتے ہیں
             جہاں تیرے نقشِ قدم سو رہے ہیں

            تخیل میں ہیں گیسُوؤں کے بہانے
         نگاہوں میں رنگیں بھرم سو رہے ہیں

         مری اُجڑی اُجڑی سی آنکھوں میں ساغر
          زمانے کے رنج و الم سو رہے ہیں

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Tu kahin bhi rahe sar pe tere ilzaam to hai 

                                              tere haathon ki lakiiron mein mera naam to hai

Mujhko tu apnaa bana ya na bana teri Khushi 

         tu zamaane mein mere naam se badnaam to hai 

Mere hisse mein koi jaam na aayaa na sahi 

teri mehfil mein mere naam koi shaam to hai 

Dekh kar log mujhe naam tera lete hain 

is pe main Khush hoon muhabbat ka ye anjaam to hai 

Woh sitamagar hi sahi dekh ke usko shukr 

is dil-e-bimaar ko aaraam to hai

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Aao Bacho Sair Karain tum ko Pakistan ki

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accounting Basics

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important questions for b.com 2

important Q of auditing
Chap 1. Introduction
1. Define & explain the term auditing?


2. What are the principles of auditing?


3. What are the objectives of auditing?


4. Distinguish between 
a) Auditing and Accounting
b) Auditing and Investigation


5. Write Short Notes on
a) True & Fair view
b) Different types of errors
c) Different Types of Frauds & Auditors duty
d) Window Dressing 


Chap 2. Classification Of Auditing


6. Write Short Notes on
a) Examination in depth
b) Continuous Audit 
c) Balance Sheet Audit
d) Interim Audit 
e) Internal Audit


7. Distinguish Between 
a) Internal audit & Statutory audit




Chap 3. Planning Of Audit


8. What are the steps to be taken before commencing of audit?


9. What is audit programme? What are its contents?
OR
What are its advantages & disadvantages of audit programme? 


10. Write Short notes on
a) Audit working paper
b) Audit Note book




Chap 4. Technique & Procedure of Auditing


11. Explain the terms voucher? How would you vouch the following 
a) Rent paid
b) Receipts from debtors
c) Payment to creditor
d) Dividend income
e) Partners capital
f) Sale of investment 
g) Commission received
h) Cash purchases
i) Payment of salaries
j) Royalty paid


Chap 5. Verification & Valuation Of Assets & Liabilities 




12. What do you understand the term verification? What are its 
Objectives?
OR
How would you verify the following?
a) Furniture
b) Machinery
c) Land & bldg
d) Investments
e) Sundry debtors
f) Patents & Trade marks
g) Goods on consignment
h) Bank balance
i) Cash in hand




Chap 6. Verification & Valuation Of Investments




13. Why stock valuation is considered to be an important aspect in 
Accounting? What are the objectives of stock valuation?


14. Write Short Notes on Procedure of Stock Valuation?


Chap 7. Internal Check & Internal Control


15. What do you understand by the term internal check?
OR
What point should be considered while framing a good system of? 
Internal check?


16. What is test checking? What precaution is to be taken before? 
Applying test check?


17. Distinguish between 
a) Internal Check & Internal Audit
b) Internal Check & Internal Control


18. What do you understand by the term internal control? What are the 
auditors duty in the respect of the same?


Chap 8. Capital & Revenue Expenditure


19. What is Capital expenditure? What are the auditor’s duties in regard to that? 


20. What is Deferred revenue expenditure?


Chap 9. Depreciation


21. Write a Short Note on
a) Depreciation & Auditor duty
b) Straight-line method of depreciation
c) Reducing balance method of dep 
d) Insurance policy method
e) Annuity policy method
f) Machine hours rate method
g) Compound intersect method 
h) Mileage method
i) Revaluation method


Chap. 10 Audit of Limited Companies


22. What are the rights & duties of statutory auditor?


23. What are the qualifications of a company auditor?


24. When is the Special revaluation required for appointment of 
Auditor?


25. Under what circumstances the central govt. appoint auditor


26. What are the liabilities of company? 

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Careers in Commerce

Commerce is one of the three fundamental academic streams, the other two being humanities and science. While pursuing a course in the field of commerce, one acquires the knowledge of business or trade, nature and fluctuations in market, basics of economics, fiscal policies, industrial policies etc. The concept of commerce consists of a wide range of interdisciplinary branches including Accountancy, Business Administration, E-Commerce, Finance, Economics and Marketing. Since the Indian economy is one of the fastest growing economies among the third world countries, the need for talented professionals, who can contribute towards the growth of the economy, is increasing. To serve the purpose, many commerce colleges in India are imparting quality education. A commerce aspirant can pursue course related to the field at any of the colleges and work in organizations that deal with finance and commerce.

Course Details
Several commerce colleges and institutes in India are imparting courses in the field of commerce at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. At the undergraduate level, one can pursue Bachelor of Commerce (B.Com), a three-year full time program and Master of Commerce (M.Com), at the postgraduate level. To be eligible for undergraduate course, the candidates have to pass 10+2 level examination in commerce stream, from any recognized state/national Board. For the PG level program, one should have done Bachelor of Commerce (B.Com), from any statutory University/Institute.

Career Prospects
After completing course in the field of commerce, a student can join any private or government organization as a specialist in any of the streams of commerce, such as economics, accountancy or work as management executive, accounts executive, junior accountant or pursue a career in auditing or banking.
Remuneration
Remuneration in the field of commerce largely depends upon the standard of organizations and the area of specialization. Private and government organizations have their own policies regarding salary of professionals working in the field of commerce.

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economy of pakistan

The economy of Pakistan is the 25th largest economy in the world in terms ofpurchasing power, and the 45th largest in absolute dollar terms. Pakistan has a semi-industrialized economy,^[9][10][11] which mainly encompasses textiles, chemicals, food processing, agriculture and other industries. Growth poles of Pakistan's economy are situated along the Indus River,^[11][12] diversified economies of Karachi and Punjab's urban centers, coexist with lesser developed areas in other parts of the country.^[11] The economy has suffered in the past from decades of internal political disputes, a fast growing population, mixed levels of foreign investment, and a costly, ongoing confrontation with neighboring India. However, IMF-approved government policies^{[citation needed]}, bolstered by foreign investment and renewed access to global markets, have generated solid macroeconomic recovery the last decade. Substantial macroeconomic reforms since 2000, most notably at privatizing the banking sector have helped the economy.

GDP growth, spurred by gains in the industrial and service sectors, remained in the 6-8% range in 2004-06 due to economic reforms in the year 2000 by the Musharrafgovernment.^[13] In 2005, the World Bank named Pakistan the top reformer in its region and in the top 10 reformers globally.^[14] Islamabad has steadily raised development spending in recent years, including a 52% real increase in the budget allocation for development in FY07, a necessary step toward reversing the broad underdevelopment of its social sector. The fiscal deficit - the result of chronically low tax collection and increased spending, including reconstruction costs from the devastating Kashmir earthquake in 2005 was manageable.

Inflation remains the biggest threat to the economy, jumping to more than 9% in 2005 before easing to 7.9% in 2006. In 2008, following the surge in global petrol prices inflation in Pakistan reached as high as 25.0%. The central bank is pursuing tighter monetary policy while trying to preserve growth. Foreign exchange reserves are bolstered by steady worker remittances, but a growing current account deficit - driven by a widening trade gap as import growth outstrips export expansion - could draw down reserves and dampen GDP growth in the medium term.

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